中国天然矿物原料的类型,提取方法和现状

2020年8月14日

中国天然难治矿物原料的现状

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根据相关数据:我国的高铝土矿资源储量为255.8亿吨,菱镁矿储量35-6亿吨,石墨储量为12亿吨(约22亿吨)。我国难治性原料资源总量似乎富裕,但它是一个基于平均14亿人的资源贫困国家。经过70多年的采矿,特别是40年的改革开放,满足我国耐火材料行业的快速发展,仍有大量出口。耐火材料矿井使用掠夺性和无序挖掘。辽宁科技大学李志坚教授预测10年前:在另外20年,大多数辽宁高品质的矿石资源将耗尽。


耐火材料资源也是其他行业的原料资源。我国每年消耗约1亿吨高质量的高氧化铝铝土矿,其中金属铝业使用8000万吨,耐火材料1500万吨,陶瓷等行业约500万吨。由于铝金属工业的快速发展,我国的高铝土矿资源变得越来越稀缺,尤其是高档矿石供需之间的矛盾是突出的。目前,铝金属工业中使用的大约一半的原料是进口的。采取益处理,合成和均​​质化的道路是一种合理地发展高铝土矿资源的方式。虽然80%的菱镁矿用作耐火材料原料,但由于严重的未经授权的采矿和激烈的竞争,仍有大量的高档矿石储备已经留下。此外,它还是金属镁,镁合金,化学原料,建筑材料胶合材料等的原料。约10%的石墨用作耐火材料,其余的主要用于钢铁和铸造行业,以及铅笔,密封,润滑和导电材料。除了用作耐火材料原料外,二氧化硅也用于玻璃和陶瓷。高岭土和耐火粘土用于耐火材料,陶瓷,造纸,搪瓷等。


总之,除了菱镁矿之外,其他难道的矿物原料不在耐火材料行业中以大部分使用,因此不能用作评估其前景的耐火材料消耗。此外,如锆石,铬铁矿和西吡喃岩矿物等资源不足,需要进口。


天然难选矿物原料的选矿及均质

长期以来,中国耐火材料矿山一直处于无序和广泛的采矿状态,剩下少数高档矿石。必须找到大量的细矿石和低级矿石。高温工业技术的发展需要高性能耐火材料。只有高档原料可以生产高性能耐火材料。因此,为了充分利用现有的耐火材料资源,维持可持续发展,利益未来几代,对待天然难治性矿物原料应遵循矿物加工和纯化的道路。实际上,天然矿物原料含有各种有害成分。通常,高质量矿石的比例相对较小。例如,阳泉铝土矿的高品质矿石仅占总备储备的8-12%。LMT-47和LMT-48级菱镁矿不仅罕见,而且易于与甘蓝矿物混合。只有一小部分可以用手选择,大部分都是通过热分离和浮选提取的。 For graphite and other natural refractory mineral raw materials, with the exception of a few rich ores, beneficiation is almost required.


利用工业和农业生产的浪费

随着人力资源的减少和环保意识的提高,废旧材料的回收利用越来越受到人们的关注,人们意识到“垃圾是一种错位的资源”。可再生资源的利用在中国逐渐被接受。在耐火材料方面,我们丢弃了所有产生的废物和使用后剩下的耐火材料。现在一些钢铁公司有专门的回收公司对回收的废耐火材料进行再加工和再利用。生产同类型耐火材料,或与其他材料合成新的耐火材料。


事实上,可以用作耐火材料的废物不限于丢弃的耐火材料,并且还有许多其他行业。因为有许多类型的耐火材料,它们含有各种化学成分,并且它们的制造方法是多种多样的。各种废物都有空间。例如,在造纸工业中产生的纸浆废液,耐火材料用作大量粘合剂;在大量非晶耐火材料中使用的硅粉末最初是在生产铁硅酸合金和工业硅生产过程中产生的空气氧化和SiO气体的缩合;连续铸造用于浇注钢的熔融二氧化硅护罩的原料是丢弃的半透明石英玻璃切割,碎片和石英玻璃工厂的各种废物;从铁合金生产中排出的铝铬渣用于生产铝铬砖。哑光冶炼炉的使用寿命是氧化镁铬砖的6倍,这是一种出色的耐火材料。还有铬铁渣,钒铁渣,钛铁渣,铝渣等作为耐火材料的原料的例子;煤矸石是煤矿建设,煤炭开采和洗涤过程中废物排放的一般术语。 Its mineral composition is basically kaolinite, and its chemical composition is mainly Al₂O₃ and SiO₂. The chemical mineral composition of coal gangue in different regions is different, and can be divided into high alumina, clay, and sandstone. It can be used for different kinds of refractory materials, such as coal gangue in Shuozhou, Datong and Inner Mongolia, containing w(Al₂O₃) 43-45%, w(SiO₂) 52-53%, and the total impurity content is less than 2%. It is synthetic Mullite, the raw material for the production of aluminum silicate fiber and high-quality clay bricks; fly ash is the waste discharged from the power generation boiler, which can be used to produce light-weight thermal insulation refractory materials, and it can also be used to make gun mud and ceramsite , Extraction of alumina, etc.; in addition, there are waste ceramics, red mud produced by alumina production, sludge produced by aluminum production, various dust removal powders, some beneficiation tailings, sawdust, waste paper, waste hemp and agriculture Produced straw, rice husk, etc. The use of waste not only reduces costs, reduces floor space, but also saves energy and reduces emissions and reduces environmental pollution. From the perspective of the quantity of these wastes: about 5.52 million tons of refractory materials remain after use, more than 5 billion tons of coal gangue piled up, about 500 million tons of fly ash discharged annually, and more than 3 billion tons of annual inventory, and annual aluminum production 100,000 tons of chromium slag, 200,000 tons of ferrochromium slag, 50,000 tons of vanadium-iron slag, 1.10-118 million tons of aluminum ash slag, etc. If these wastes, the refractory raw materials of the Al₂O₃—SiO₂ system are carefully developed and utilized, these wastes are sufficient to meet the needs of refractory materials in our country, but the basic refractory raw materials may be insufficient, and more dolomite raw materials can be considered.


合成耐火材料原料


所谓合成耐火原料是指两种或两种以上的天然矿物原料或化工原料或废弃物,通过配料、粉碎、研磨、混合、成型、煅烧或电熔等,制备出具有一定化学矿物成分和物理性质的耐火原料。合成耐火材料的原料种类很多,合成方法也多种多样。简要介绍:


(1)可以用天然矿物原料本身的品位差异合成,如莫来石,也可以用不同的天然矿物原料合成,如用高氧化铝合成锆莫来石和锆精矿;由氧化铝和菱镁矿合成铝镁尖晶石;以菱镁矿和白云石为原料合成镁钙砂以高钙镁砂和铁精矿为原料合成镁铁钙砂以菱镁矿、锆石、锆石砂为原料合成镁;叶蜡石与滑石合成堇青石;以菱镁矿和二次高铝土矿熟料为原料,焦炭为还原剂,通过碳热还原和氮化合成硅铝尖晶石复合材料;蓝晶石和石墨等成分,原位合成AlN-SiC复合材料等。


(2)合成天然矿物原料和纯化的工业原料,如石英砂和硅灰配料,在氮炉中煅烧合成氧氮硅;叶蜡石与氮合成Sialon (Sialon);用氧化镁和氧化法合成了铝粉和金属铝粉;采用天然石英加焦炭或炭黑还原剂,在高纯氮炉中进行碳热还原和氮化合成氮化硅(硅氮);将铁鳞在还原气氛下煅烧,合成铁铝尖晶石;采用脱硅锆、轻烧菱镁矿粉和白云石成分合成镁钙锆砂;利用白云石和工业氧化铝原料合成六铝酸钙-尖晶石复合材料;锆英石与氧化铝原位反应制备ZrO₂—莫来石复合材料;以白云石和工业氧化铝为原料合成六铝酸钙-尖晶石复合材料等。


(3)在纯化的工业原料之间合成耐火材料原料,例如使用工业氧化铝和二氧化钛以合成钛酸铝;铝粉和氮以合成AIN(氮化铝);工业氧化铝和高纯度超细铝氮化物粉Alon(Aron);根据Ca6 Cao和Al 2 O 3的化学计量比,使用光碳酸钙和工业氧化铝,合成六氧化钙;在流动的氨的作用下使用二氧化钛和金属铝粉,原位产生Al 2 O 3-锡复合材料等。


(4)特别是废物和天然矿物原料或化学原料用于合成耐火材料原料,例如使用污泥和纤维素,高岭土,在铝型材表面上合成莫来石,滑石和纤维素,以合成堇青石;高铝土矿尾矿高,低级矿石成分合成莫来石;铁尾矿和轻烧氧化镁粉末成分合成叉子;粉煤灰和炭黑合成(O +β) - 苏氏杂矿复合相材料;粉煤灰和工业氧化铝或高氧化铝铝土矿成分合成莫来石;粉煤灰,铝灰,炭黑成分,使用碳水热质复合材料减少氮化过程制备唾液粉;Panzhihua高炉渣含有22-25%w(TiO 2),用炭黑混合,通过碳热还原和氮化方法制备Ti(C,N)先进的耐火材料;将铁钛渣研磨至35μm,并加入0.9%的硅粉,混合,烧结后,制备钛酸钙的多相耐火材料原料;铝铬渣和氧化镁合成镁铝铬尖晶石耐火材料;铝灰和高氧化铝铝土矿,镁质成分,铁锉作为沉淀剂,焦炭是还原剂,电熔化方法用于合成铝镁尖晶石; using aluminum ash and rutile as raw materials, and the metal aluminum in the aluminum ash as the reducing agent, the TiN—Al₂O₃ composite refractory raw material is synthesized by thermite reduction and nitridation method; Use sandstone coal gangue containing SiO2 and C (carbonaceous matter) to synthesize silicon carbide, also use coal gangue and coal to synthesize B-SiC; coal gangue and ceramic polishing waste slag to synthesize B-Sialon multiphase refractory raw materials; use coal gangue and waste Synthetic cordierite-mullite refractory materials, such as magnesia-carbon bricks, waste skateboards, etc.


由于空间问题,有许多合成耐火材料原料,因此我不会更加描述它们。浓缩物或尾矿可直接合成,无需磨削细矿石,简化生产过程。


结束言论


Although China’s refractory raw materials resources are abundant, after more than 70 years, especially the rapid and disorderly mining of more than 40 years of reform and opening up, there are not many natural non-renewable refractory raw materials resources, especially high-quality ore. Low-grade ore, so-called "unqualified ore", crushed ore, and fine ore pile up like mountains. China is a large country producing refractory materials. The output of refractory materials accounts for 65% to 69% of the world's total output. A large number of various refractory raw materials are needed every year. If the refractory industry is to continue to develop, the current raw material resources must be integrated. Use scientific methods to carry out geological exploration, mechanized mining, beneficiation and purification, homogenization, etc. At the same time, consider the use of industrial and agricultural wastes, develop and expand on the basis of existing wastes, and conduct in-depth investigations on the chemical and mineral composition of wastes in various fields, their possible use value, treatment methods, etc., and the use of waste The direct use and synthesis of refractory raw materials with other substances, the research results of waste utilization, and the utilization of large-scale industrial production. The use of waste not only reduces costs, but also protects the environment, which is of great significance.


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